The speed of the gases of deflagration
June 26th, 2010 Posted in intermediate Ballistics, weapons, recoil
This article is born at a short widening of all that already shown on the recoil of the light weapons and specific to the definition of the secondary recoil.
We know that the recoil undergone by a weapon turns out to be decomposable in two predominant elements: the primary recoil, due to the acceleration in cane of propellant and projectile; and the secondary recoil, due to the effect jet gases of deflagration expelled from the cane. The calculation of the secondary recoil turns out to be complex and often for his definition he becomes a reference to the residual pressure in flight, value also of not easy surveying.
As already shown, an approximate relation of the total recoil is the next one:
It = (It1) (It2) = (mp•V0) (mpo•K•V0)
Then, how do I dictate, the total recoil impulse is the sum of a component equal to the mass of the projectile mp for the own one V0 (primary recoil, It1) and of a component equal to the mass of the propellant mpo for K times V0 (secondary recoil, It2) with K•V0 that defines the esteemed middle speed of the gases expelled in flight.
It2 is in other words the quantity of motion of the mass of propellant that, under shape of gas, is expelled from the flight of the weapon with a superior speed to that one of the bullet (the deflagration gases, in closeness of the flight, exceed the bullet) slowing down progressively up to a not reached at all speed when the propellent pressure equals that one atmospheric. Without penetrating into the thermodynamics of the shot and simplifying the most possible the calculations, many authors use a value of K determined empiricamente, when there was bringing near the middle speed of the gases of deflagration to K turned the speed of exit of the bullet.
In many texts, the coefficient K results including between 1 and 2, the majority exactly will choose near values to himself to the maximum limit for strong loading and short canes, near values at least for loading to lower pressure and canes comparatively long. The value of K considered for example in “The British Text Book Of Small Arms” (1929) and then retaken at the American general's J.S's. Hatcher and published in his “Hatcher' s Notebook” (1947) it is typically equal to 1.75, value used often for the rifles; for the pistols (revolver and semiautomatic) the value of 1.5 is used often so as for the rifles to smooth cane of middle length, value reduced to 1.25 if the cane has greater length.
To improve the reliability of the value assigned to K, he should be adapted as the length of the cane of the weapon, of the trend pressorio and of the typology of (vivacious / progressive) propellant, besides K it should be reduced to growing of the V0. He is also calculable by means of the thermodynamic equations that modellizzano the phenomenon but, one of the fundamental parametres to know beforehand (or to determine) is the residual pressure in cane before the expulsion of the bullet. In the reality, observing the trend pressorio tests in cane manometrica, it notices it easily that such a value varies remarkably at blow in blow also to equality of the conditions of departure. The ipossibilità of reducing this evaluation uncertainty, often makes inclining for the use of empiric formulas also imprecise them but of remarkably more simplified use.
Loving us better to orientate in the choice of an adequate coefficient K, we have asked for the authoritative opinion of the doctor Derek Allsop, teacher close to the military academy of Cranfield (UK) and specialist in thermodynamics and mechanics of the fluids. Doctor. Allsop, as well as having studied the optimisation of some fire-arms has been a consultant for several defence systems and it has also published some books about the light weapons, about systems of weapon and cannons (one between these is: "Essential Guide To Military Small Arms”). Doctor. Allsop advises us to use the next semi-empiric formula that seems to find good check in the experimentation (above all for weapons of middle calibre):
with V0: speed in flight of the bullet (in m/s)
To follow, there are you the trend of K while growing of the V0:
Since you can notice, the reference values are generally superiors to the interval between 1 and 2 with good closeness to 1.75 in the range of speed expressed by the rifles but, certainly further 2 for the short weapons. In other words, comparing this relation compared to the typical values used by other authors, the effect of the secondary recoil is considered on average the majority marked on the budget of the total recoil.
Such a relation will let us now calculate the majority easy and we hope more correctly, the effect of the secondary recoil.
Speedy






















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