The Ball powder
January 5th, 2010 Posted in chemistry, propellant

Flattened Ball powder Hodgdon BLC2
first plan of a wheat (photo to the SEM)
On a preceding article (you see to the link) we have given a first distinction of the dusts infumi doing reference to the technique used for the gelatinizzazione of the nitrocellulose. Without doubt, the processes and the formalities of production of the propellent dusts present so numerous changes, to make a swift and schematic classification almost impossible. As well as the distinctions already done for the agent gelatinizzante used, for the single or double base, or it anchors for the technique of carrying out of the wheats between rolled dusts, estruse or granular, remains still to cite a great family of the dusts infumi, that one ball powder. This name, which it might translate in “spheroidal dusts”, does not refer only to the shape of the granules, but to the whole process of production that nevertheless when dusts were remaining unchanged in his chemical bases compared to another infumi, has been revolutionised deeply on the times and in the operative methods.
The standard progress for the propellant production based on nitrocellulose asks, as well as numerous and expensive manipulations, for a time period in the order of the months for each manufacture State lottery, with the consequence of the dangerous accumulation of great quantities in the course of manufacture; this principally of the necessity of eliminating at the nitrocellulose, after the nitration process, each trace of residual acidity that compromises the stability it. The deacidificazione process turns out to be particularly difficult, be because of the phenomena of adsorption (the acids become attached to the surfaces of the fibre) be for the numerous cavities in the cellulose filaments. At such cavities it is difficult that the residual acids (preskilfully sulphuric acid) sieve to the washing water. Of against, an acid remainder would speed those processes of spontaneous decomposition up for ageing that determine the formation of gas, oxides of the carbon and above all of nitrogen. These last combining with the oxygen and the dampness of the air, give place to other acids that speed up later on the deterioration of the nitrocellulose (auto-catalyzed reaction). The deterioration usually determines the emanation of a pungent smell and can lead dangerously a spontaneous lighting.

Cellulose fibres (photo to the SEM)
The long process of deacidificazione of the nitrocellulose asks at least for 4 preliminary washings in tini with boiling water and following rinses with cold water, sequence that it uses about 40 hours; a following polpaggio: the nitrocellulose is minced in short fibres to facilitate the leak of the acid with the cavities (there are added also salts as the carbonate of sodium for a better neutralisation); and at last still a series of washings between boiling and rinses. This for a total of a ventina of passages and a total duration of further 52 hours of treatment.

Fibres from cotton (photo to the SEM) - the cotton is constituted by almost pure cellulose and often it is shared by this material for the obtaining of the nitrocellulose (in the specific thing: nitrocotone) - with the cotton, the cavities in the fibres are even present. The fibres have in fact shape tubular flattened quarry
There applied himself to the study of the stabilisation of the nitrocellulose, from faraway 1920, the American chemist Fred Olsen whose name will remain for ever tied to the development of the ball powder. It attached to the factory of munitions for the army of the Arsenal of Picatinny (New Jersey), in spite of the disinterestedness of the official authorities, it continued the studies on the stabilisation of the nitrocellulose for his account, until it joined to discover the rational utilisation of the difenilammina and to devise a process of completely original manufacture that it put to fruit in 1929 passing to the Western Cartridge Company of the industries Olin.
Olsen guessed the necessity of inverting the order of the processes of boiling and polpaggio, the polpaggio in fact was freeing the acids trapped in the cavities of the filaments, already going contaminating the external parts of the fibre deacidificate during the boiling, besides thanks to the help of the difenilammina it managed to obtain a halving of the times necessary to the stabilisation of the nitrocellulose. The difenilammina in low percentage, as well as having a stabilising effect on the finished nitrocellulose, has the property of acids are absorbed by the fibres more avidly, takes then the place it freeing the acid in the washing solution.
The process for the manufacture of the ball powder that the same Olsen adjusted, combines well with the sequence for the swift stabilisation of the nitrocellulose and represents a suited method for the dusts production to fixed solvent whose wheats can be covered at delayed or speeded up substances. The nitrocellulose, after having had been polpata and subjected instant to a first boiling to reduce the acid content, it can be used directly without the help of other passages of deacidificazione. After having been been mixed to water and ground, dust can be used also infume by now deteriorated, containing products of acid decomposition.

Flattened Ball powder Hodgdon BLC2
smooth and compact globular wheats (photo to the SEM)
Anyone is the first used matter, the first necessity is that one of stabilising it with the complete removal of the acid. To this end, in the original process, the departure material in water presence is released by an agitator in acetate of containing ethyl difenilammina, to form a kind of sirup said lacquers or paint. As indicated, the difenilammina is absorbed by the nitrocellulose the majority easily of the already present acid. At the same time there are added the additive ones or any other substance that wants to merge in the dust in order that in case the burning instalments varies it (flemmatizzanti) or the deflagration temperature (cooling), etc.
The phase of water and nail varnish is mixed then for 30 minutes obtaining the stabilised nitrocellulose. They are still introduced then into the solution, starch or gum-arabic to guarantee the necessary colloidal consistency, after the passage to a distiller in pressure, the temperature is raised so that the paint becomes less viscous. At this point the nitrocellulose presents itself as a separate layer that floats on the water of the distiller (the ethyl acetate gelatinizza the nitrocellulose). This layer is fragmented by rotated shovels and the liquid fragments go forming it drip spheric in emulsion. The dimensions of the globules can be regulated at the degree of mechanical agitation. When there are reached the dimensions wanted the shovels of the agitator they are stopped and the pressure is reduced, the ethyl acetate is distilled and recovered. If the distillation is made too quickly, the wheats assume the shape of bows. She is made to a such rhythm that the winged solvent could evaporates at the surface of the globules with the same speed of all that he moves on the inside towards the surface of the same ones, smooth, dense spheroidal wheats are obtained and of homogeneous structure.
Eliminating the ethyl acetate, I harden the nitrocellulose spheres to themselves keeping back part of the water in which they are immersed. To facilitate the dehydration it, there is increased progressively the saline content of the watery solution adding sulphate of sodium (a salt). In this way an osmotic transfer is guided through the surface of the wheats: the water to smaller saline content, tends to transfer on the inside granules to itself to the external solution, being this to higher saline concentration. To happened dehydration, the saline solution is returned by new water.
After the (partial) dehydration, the nitrocellulose spheres are soaked (imbibition) in just dose with a nitroglycerin emulsion. In the same phase other covering agents can be added also for example flemmatizzanti and cooling. Later of what, the dust is dried, leaving the nitroglycerin and other substances put down on the surface of the wheats to form a cuticle of middle thickness. The dust comes then grafitata (improvement of the fluency and reduction of the accumulation of static electricity), the granules are selected according to the dimensions and the density, there is eliminated the discarding that is reworked, at last the mixtures form of several State lotteries in the way of standardising the production. For some dusts, in order to modify and level the times combustivi wheats and in some cases to facilitate the lighting (typically difficult in the ball powder because of the first described cuticle) it, it are foreseen that also an intermediate calendering phase: the wheats are passed between hot rolls in steel in the way of deforming them plastically spheroidal to discoidali, flattening them to the same thickness and obtaining, if it desires, also a fracture of the covering (surpassing the medial line of the wheat); the dusts in this case are identified as “flattened ball powder”.
The calendering process solves also a problem of costs of production. In fact, really for the method used in the definition of the dimension of the wheats, it is not possible to obtain with precision globules of only tribute. It would determine this, in phase of dimensional selection, a remarkable pulling down of the produced quantities and a big part of the dust would be reworked by it (above all for dusts with wheats of little diameter). The calendering lets bring near the ballistic characteristics of the biggest wheats, which are flattened, to those do not get deformed wheats of inferior diameter. Also therefore it is typical to find jointly wheats flattened and not flattened in the same dust manufacture.
To notice that before the dryer, all the operations for the production of the ball powder are unwound in water, then safety catches.

Flattened Ball powder Hodgdon BLC2
From the chemical - physical point of view the progress that we have summarily described presents several very important characteristics. Fundamental becomes the function of the difenilammina, which simple additive of the nitrocellulose mixture already gelatinizzata, absorbent of the oxides of nitrogen produced at the attack of the still present acid, passes now to essential component that acts on the fibres of the cellulose: there it penetrates completely and moves in practice all the acid coming from the nitration. In such a way with great efficaciousness and swiftness there is eliminated the cause of the decomposition of the nitrocellulose which becomes completely stable; and with this many dangers of the conservation are eliminated. This function of the difenilammina is completed instead only partially in the traditional working process.
In the second place, the impregnation of the globules with nitroglycerin in emulsion after the gelatinizzazione and the addition of flemmatizzanti, allows to regulate with great precision the development of the combustion of the granule, forming an external layer, to will more or less often, to slowed down combustion. The combustion speed, and with her the development of the gases, is slowed down at the beginning and speeded up at the end compensating for the reduction of the dimensions of the wheat (the wheats burn for parallel layers). In such a way, there will be a progressive pressures development and without the overcoming of the limits of certainty, having returned also the maxim as push on the bullet.
The group Olin put in production the ball powder in 1933 to East Alton in the Illinois, to throw the new dust the Winchester (always of the group Olin) put on the market the cartridges 308 Winchester and for the same calibre, a version relieved of the model 70 to repetition. The Department of the United States War, in front of the quality and the advantages of the new dust, absorbed almost the whole production and remarkable quantities were produced to the burst of the 2nd world war. The first revolutionary consequence was that the same ballistic results could be obtained by cartridges whose case contains a lot of smaller dust volume and that therefore it can have very much got shorter: which smaller dimensions, fixed and I encumber of weapons and munitions reduced and costs saving. From these results there has derived the cartridge T65 for the arming unified NATO (also said:“ Of this year Ball Cartridge T65 ″ or it anchors “7,62 NATO”). These new munitions were able to generate the majority or less the same performances of.30-06 Springfield, nevertheless possessing smaller dimensions: particularly the case was measuring only 51mm against 63mm of.30-06.
Speedy.
Bibliography:
“Technology of the portable fire-arms” of Giuseppe De Florentiis
Milan - Publisher Ulrico Hoepli, 1987.
“Hatcher' s Notebook” of J.S.Hatcher
Harrisburg (PA) - Stackpole Books, 1966 (III edition).
“The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives” of Tenney L. Davis
Hollywood (CA) - Angriff Press, 1972.






















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A Comment for “The Ball powder”
Julio on Jan 21, 2010
Good boys! Like always interesting things.
Julio / Institute for Foreign Trade