Dusts infumi: let's see them from close up
April 24th, 2009 Posted in chemistry, macrophotography, propellant
In the preceding articles (you see: "Dusts infumi: there are the ingredients
The image brought back side by side, relative to the dust infume Vihtavuori N340, is one of the extraordinary photos picked up to the microscope electronic and presented, in preliminary version, with a video in this article. To follow, a description of the used instrumentation, the noticed curiosities and many other images, included macrophotos obtained traditionally.
As shown it is more than sufficient for a general vision of the dusts and for the meditated and conscious approach to the reloading but, we of Armi&Strumenti as often it happens, we try to go over the common manual and propose to follow images and absolutely unpublished analyses. We will show in fact the results obtained by means of the examination of some dusts to the electronic microscope to scansion, in succession more briefly indicated with the acronym SEM, at English “Scanning Electron's Microbroom”.
The examined dusts
To follow, there is brought back the recapitulatory table of the dusts used for the carrying out of the numerous present images on the article. As well as finding a moderate variedness of photos obtained with traditional techniques, you will have way of appreciating the images to the SEM of 7 of 20 valued dusts. These seven dusts have been chosen favouring the variedness of the geometry of the wheats with exception of the Vhitavuori 3N38 considered in comparison to the N340. Both this propellant in fact, they have the same cylindrical geometry but, in the attempt to notice and to highlight on 3N38 the treatment flemmatizzante, probable principal diversity compared to the N340, we have considered her between the dusts to be submitted to the SEM.
The photos
Here it reviews it to you photographic numerous dusts examined (click on the image to grow), it will be able to be used for you also at reference for the possible identification of not well-known propellant (staircase graduated in mm):
| 3N37 | 3N38 | 450 | BLC2 |
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| D032-04 | DN | Granular-f | Granular-g |
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| HP38 | N135 | N140 | N310 |
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| N320 | N340 | Rex I | Rex II |
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| Rex III | S060-02 | Sipe | SP8 |
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The SEM (Scanning Electron Microbroom)
The SEM exploits the generation of an electronic bundle that by means of a system of electromagnetic lenses comes deflesso and focused on the sample to be examined. The so generated electronic brush is used to scan an area of the sample, the interaction bundle - sample generates several types of particles that are taken from opportune detectors and converted into electric signals. These last, subsequently elaborate, are used for forming an image at levels of grey that re-printed digitalmente, it is coloured to extol the characteristics it.
- Example of SEM (model JSM-6701F of the JEOL ltd). -
The SEM produces images to high resolution, this means which very near details between them can be examined to high enlargements. For this reason the SEM it can realise an image that is a good tridimensional representation of the surface of the sample, exceeding the limits of the classic optic microscopy. For example, a modern optic microscope can arrive up to about 1000 enlargements and this lets solve, "distinguish", distant separate objects at least 0.2 µm (1µm or micron is equal to a millimetre thousandth), while the SEM, it has a resolutive power inferior to the 20 nm (1nm or nanometro it is equal to a micron thousandth) and a maximum enlargement of 300.000x.
- Functional scheme of a SEM -
Also the field depth with the SEM is cleanly better, or rather to simplify, the vertical interval within which the observed object can move, without turning out to be put out of focus. To an enlargement of 100x it goes away field depth in the order of the micron for the optic microscope, to the millimetre for the SEM. As far as said, this lets to a wide part of the sample be to fire at the same time. Of against, compared to the traditional microscopy, in the SEM, the sample to be examined must be positioned in an opportune chamber in vain pushed (10-5 Torr) since the air would interfere with the electronic scansion bundle. Besides the revealers are cooled mediated nitrogen or liquid air to improve the answer (reduction thermic noise) it.
The combination of high enlargements, great resolution, wide depth of field, makes the SEM one of the tools the majority strongly got a job with many fields of the research.
The spectroscopy EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis)
The SEM, moreover for the images acquisition, can be also used for that one that is called a spectroscopy. In other words, it is possible to determine qualitatively and quantitativamente, the whole of the elements that constitute the examined substance. In extreme simplification we can say that the bundle of electrons generated by the SEM, when the sample was striking on observation, gives place to the emission of numerous particles and radiation, between the particles we will have the secondary electrons used for the rebuilding of the image and between the radiation we will have also rays X that if opportunely prominent they allow a kind of not destructive chemical analysis of the sample.
To explicative headline, we bring back side by side the obtained spectre subjecting to EDX an old currency 100lire. As visible there are noticed two elements that constitute the league of the currency, chromium (Cr) and I shoe (Faith). The width of the woodpeckers on the spectre is correlabile to the concentration of that specific element inside the sample. In the image such concentration is brought back after an opportune mathematic elaboration.
Our images to the microscope
The harvesting of the images obtained to the SEM has been inserted into the video to be followed. As said, giving priority to different geometry of the wheats, it has been examined 7 typology of dusts (above you list). Like curiosity, thanks to the extreme resolution allowed by the electronic microscope, between several details, you will be able to notice: the superficial wrinkledness of the wheats of dust; a passing court of about 50µm, not visible to naked eye, on the wheats of 3N38; on the wheats of cylindrical shape it is possible to notice besides the "flowing" on the extremities of the wheats we suppose caused, during the production, at the cut of the blade you rotate after extrusion.
The spectroscopy of the dusts
The images to be followed show the spectroscopy noticed for Vihtavuori N340 and for the Vihtavuori 3N38. Since we were expecting we find high concentrations of carbon (the fuel) and oxygen (the comburent). We find besides the nitrogen, evidence that the oxygen is "trapped" in the substance mediated oxides nitrogen note.
Unfortunately the spectroscopy, for the extreme majority of the substances base what they constitute the propellant in examination, does not allow us to notice the traces of the treatment flemmatizzanti that should differentiate it 3N38 the N340.
Also regulating the SEM to reduce the energy of the electrons of scansion, in order to examine the most superficial layers of the wheats (smaller penetration of the particles), those where the concentration of the additive ones should be greater, the elements constituted the treatment do not manage to be distinguished flemmatizzante.
Being conclusive
The images picked up in this occasion, let us glimpse the remarkable complexity contained in the processes and in the productive techniques of the propellant.
We hope what as brought back above a new "point of view" has supplied to the reloading lover and it has satisfied at the same time the curiosity of observing really from close up, it is the case of saying it, some propellant for munitions.
We are still elaborating the images obtained to the SEM by it to improve the returned one in details terms and the reduction of the noise, in a near publication we will show the results it.
We conclude the article in the hope of being able to keep on offering new and interesting cues in field oplologico.
Speedy.










































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2 it comments for “Dusts infumi:
let's see them from close up”Gianni on Oct 1, 2010
Safe, I have found the study very interesting on the dusts that you have led to the microscope SEM, I would have kept nevertheless opportunely a greater explanation on the prominent data and an estimate on the qualities of the dusts.
This because, without being technicians, a true quality difference has not emerged in the article between several dusts taken in examination, and to not expert eye, one Rex is comparable with a Hudgon.
Yours faithfully and thanks.
Gianni
Speedy on Oct 1, 2010
Hello Gianni, I am glad that you have found the interesting article.
Our first objective was that of picking up reconciled images of the wheats and examining different geometry that, as you will know, influences significantly parametres like liveliness and rhythm combustivo.
For an analysis compared between the dusts, in terms of yield and other how much, would it be necessary to circumscribe remarkably the conditions of test and, in any case, we will consider this your suggestion for possible future inquiries.
Thank you for the signalling.
To soon,
Speedy.