Dusts infumi: the shape is a substance
April 12th, 2009 Posted in chemistry, propellantTo follow a short view on the birth and on the basic characteristics of the propellent explosives for fire-arms. After the definition of propellent explosive and some historical signs on the birth of the dusts infumi, it will become a reference to the influence of the geometry of the wheats on the combustion speed.
The propellent explosives
We can define explosive a substance that, if opportunely triggered, is able to a sudden state change supplying great quantity of gas and heat. The explosion substantially is a combustion extremely swift but in certain cases checked, fundamental characteristic that leads us to consider two types of explosion: detonation and deflagration. We will be in detonation presence when the reaction has speed of combustion of thousands of m/s (up to 10.000 m/s) he to give place to incompatible disruptive effects with the use for cartridges. We will have instead deflagration when the phenomenon turns out to be much less violent that is, when the combustion speeds are in the order of some hundreds of m/s with gradual development of the gaseous volumes. The inflaming explosives come also definite propellant.
A distinction between the explosive substances is done between the mixtures and the explosive substances. The black dust, for example, is constituted by coal and sulphur as fuels and nitrate of potassium like comburent; she is a “explosive mixture”, or rather the fired one in which each constitutive element maintains the own characteristics. The dusts without smoke instead, are quite definite compound chemists, each one with his exact molecular structure. Inside the molecule fuel and comburent are already associated. II fuel is represented by carbon and hydrogen while the comburent is given by the oxygen and by the oxides (preskilfully of nitrogen).
Historical signs
Before the Advent of the dusts without smoke, the black dust (or pirica) has been for long time the only propellant for the fire-arms. There is no certain news on the invention of the dust pirica, the first testimonies of his diffusion in Europe go up again to the XIII° century. The development of the dusts without smoke is instead comparatively recent and it can have to go up again in the first half of 1800. In that period many scientists and seekers guided inquiries to any field for the individualization of new compound nitrates to be substituted to the smoky one and fuligginosa black dust. Particularly there were dealt by nitric acid different organic substances as the starch, the woody fibres and the paper.
The turning arrived when a German chemist, Christian Friedrich Schönbein, taught close to the university of Basilea and already discoverer of the ozone, in 1846 noticed what when the cotton was dealing with nitric acid, was obtaining to itself an inflammable and explosive substance that it called a guncotton or fulminant cotton. Such substance was turning out to be nevertheless unstable deteriorating quickly on the time. This limitation attributed to the formation of water during the process of nitration, was soon exceeded using like agent nitrante rather than the alone nitric acid, a nitric-sulphuric mixture, exploiting the action disidratante of the sulphuric acid for the absorption of the water of reaction. The cotton is constituted almost completely by cellulose, what Schönbein had obtained was the cellulose nitrate. The first attempts to produce nitrocellulose at industrial level initially failed because of the elevated trend to be exploded from the compound one.
The first industrial dusts production infumi so realised, it can make go up again in 1884 thanks to the studies of French Paul Ville who adjusted the “Dust B”, then adopted in 1886 by the munitioning of the rifle Lebel, at whose disposal to the French army. Soon in Europe the black dust was replaced by the dusts without smoke. He was British James Dewar and Frederick Augustus Abel to make later on the substance stabler producing, in 1891, a mixture well-known as Cordite. The United States were between the last great powers to adopt the dusts infumi, only in 1892 in fact, the first rifle comes formally adopted also to USA with such propellant.
Chemistry of the dusts
From the point of view of the chemistry for the carrying out of the dusts infumi, we can make a first great distinction between dusts to single base or monobasic and dusts to double base or bibasic. Essentially the monobasic ones are obtained by the gelatinizzazione of the nitrocellulose mediated a solvent, generally acetone or alcohol and ethylic, solvent aether that subsequently evaporates without leaving traces. The bibasic ones instead inpiegano in the phase of gelatinizzazione of the nitroglycerin often associated with an auxiliary solvent. The nitroglycerin, without being winged, will remain after the essicazione in the compound one. The bibasic dusts have generally temperatures of combustion that they can reach 3000°C against 2000°C of the monobasic ones besides, the monobasic ones are characterised by a combustion in default of oxygen what that does not happen for the bibasic ones for the contribution of comburent determined by the Nitroglycerin. As far as said the bibasic dusts have energy performances superior tendenzialmente to those of the monobasic ones. For greater details on the chemistry of the dusts you see the article: "Dusts infumi: there are the ingredients”.
Speed combustiva dusts and geometry of the wheats
The experimentation has confirmed the theory according to which each dust wheat burns at the external line the interior with regular progression, and so that each wheat becomes smaller keeping his original geometric shape. A spheric, cylindrical or lamellar wheat, such remains until every convert one is in gas. It goes to that the combustion will be even more to regulate all that more the wheats will be between uniform and regular them, be for shape for which for dimensions. There is another parametre to consider in the choice of the dust: the regularity of the speckling of the wheats. The irregularity causes granulometrica are necessary to be charged to an approximate screening to the fountain, I cut more or less regular, fragmentation during the phases of superficial treatment (lacquering, grafitatura, and so on), traumatic mechanical deterioration (packing, transport, and so on).
- Wheats of Cheddite Granular (gross) -
Apart from the influence of the physical-chemical structure of the dust, the behaviour, or rather the way in which a dust leads the process combustivo is tied to the geometric shape of the wheat, to the "granitura". It results from it that for the same dust, to the change of the granitura, a variation will follow from the times of combustion, they will change then the volumes of the gases supplied in the unity of time and the levels and the pressure moving.
Wanting to schematise, the geometric shape of the wheats leads three typology of gaseous emission, according to the surface shown by the wheat during the combustion. We will be able to have combustion to regressive, constant and progressive trend. The spheric, cubic and cylindrical wheats tend to the regressive trend or rather initial great gaseous development that decreases with consuming of the wheat. The wheats to shape of disks, lamellar, rhomboidal, to ring or little perforated cylinders, tend to the constant trend or rather on equal times they supply equal quantities of gas. The cylindrical, prismatic or cubic wheats, to more courts, tend to the progressive trend or rather the gaseous emission increases with the behaviour of the combustion.
- Wheats of Nitrokemia Rex 28 (red) -
If the same office of a dust was coming water-ice to smaller dimensions we would have a higher and sudden peak pressorio in all that the least wheats offer on the whole a surface combustiva greater, therefore in the unity of time the gaseous emission will be increased. We add that in any case, breaking the wheat, the lighting characteristics go bad coming to miss on the fracture that superficial treatment that have exact functions. It is possible in fact that the wheats have been subjected to lacquering processes for deposit of specific substances, in order to flemmatizzare the combustion, or bringing a lacquering - grafitatura cycle with several aims how to favour the fluency to the loading or to reduce the igroscopicità of the wheats.
Bibliography:
Sebastiano Russo – “Explosives“ – Catania 1999
“Manual of reloading Tac Armi” – Milan 1981
Bill Chevalier – “ABC' s of Reloading” – Iola (WI) 2008
Speedy.






















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