Reloading and Chronographer
March 22nd, 2008 Posted in Accuracy, chronographerOften, discussing the functioning of the chronographers, it seems that they are wrapped by a halo of mystery that protects an unfathomable functionality.
It you are not really anything of complex in a chronographer, you can imagine it like a chronometre extremely fast. Naturally, the bullets are very fast and the chronometre must be able to distinguish the course of time up to fractions of millionth parts of second (typically ≤ 0.25us). If is known how much time is needed to a pellet to cover a well-known distance, there is all that serves to solve a simple mathematic equation:
V = S/t (Speed = Space and time)
The part really difficult of the operation is to understand how to activate the chronometre (opening shot and stop). The chronographer's first models were using to such a reason thin threads of copper that interrupted by the passage of the bullet were giving place to the departure and to the stop of the metre.
The Advent of the electronics has let realise quarzati metres and circuits supplemented at costs little by little inferior letting to the chronographers "go out" of the ballistic laboratories. When Ken Oehler developed his first "skyscreen", the chronographer for the hobby use divennne a reality.
The skyscreen is an ingenious invention based on a simple preamble. A photosensitive electronic element (photodiode or phototransistor) makes taking the circuit of the chronometre when it notices a little and fast change of the light that lights the sensor. Perhaps the best analogy is that notices the shade of the pellet.
In the first attempts it was happening often that the "skyscreen" was deceived by bright variations not connected with the transit of the bullet, for example the shade of a cloud of passage could change the data. The electronics of the system has been improved and Oehler has also added of the protections diffusors. The result of such protections was a distribution more uniform of the light that was avoiding besides “the blinding” sensoriums in presence of direct solar light.
In fact, the biggest problem with the sensoriums of the chronographer is probably constituted by the rays of light that "rebound" round and inside the accommodations of the surveyors. You will notice that the printed one in plastic art that contains the surveyor is almost always black, and inside the containers there can be carved on it also crests or rulings able to hamper the reflexion of the light. The last improvement made by Oehler has been that of putting the surveyor more than into depth inside the own custody reducing so the effect of the diffuse light, favouring that live broadcast.
- Oehler -
Returning to our simple mathematic relation of the speed, to be able to appreciate speeds raised in little spaces it is necessary to have elevated temporal resolutions, it is necessary in other words, to increase the speed of the whole system of survey. At the beginning of the experimentation, having slow systems (frequency of clock plain) the observation of the bullet was necessary on long distances. The first chronographers with laboratory were using a distance of surveying (distance between the threads that were determining the passage of the bullet) also of 6÷7mt. With the arrival of the oscillators to the quartz, with speed of a million cycles per second or more (the typical frequency is ≥ 4MHz) it is possible to reduce the least distance between the sensoriums. Today, a space of 30÷50cm allows still acceptable results, to any advantage of the portatilità of the system.
When the modern chronographers were talking about uncertainties: even if very exact and accurate they have limits caused by the technique of surveying of the passage of the bullet and by the inevitable structural tolerance be mechanical (distance between the sensoriums) which electronics (prominent times). Each electronic component is in fact suffering from a “little quantity of variability”. The "sum" of the variability determines the measure uncertainty.
- PACT -
The PACT, does not one of the chronographers' biggest producers for the hobby of the weapons, declare the performances of the own tools but in any articles is it read of near uncertainties to ±0.05 % (?!). Other companies as the Chrony or the same Oehler guarantee uncertainties better of ±0.5 %, the Millennium data-processing unit is declared for ±0.2 %. The Oehler is the only one to have inserted a third sensor on the chronographer named “proof channel”, in substance for each blow two measures are made, if the values must differ more of’ 4 % the tool would signal an error.
- DATA-PROCESSING UNIT -
Like visa above, the uncertainties of the chronographers are contained but, in any case, they must be regarded in the process of research of the best reloading in terms of standard deviation. In fact with well carried out assemblage processes, the constancy in the typology from the materials and the selection of the components, there will be variations velocitarie around the average (standard deviations) already comparable with the limitations of the tool. In these cases the obtained standard deviation will be the "combination" of the partial standard deviations: munitioning, uncertainty tool, repeatability of the measure. In other words we will know that the standard deviation characterised our reloading is inferior (but we will not know about all that) to that one determined by the calculations. The continuous improvement of our techniques of reloading will lead to us asintoticamente to a constant standard deviation and not reducible date I fix the "sum" of the performances of the tool and of the best obtainable result with the components and the techniques of reloading at our disposal.
- Chrony -
Unfortunately for the hobbyist there is a way of valuing and of comparing the own chronographer neither of valuing critically the datum of uncertainty declared by the builder. Unfortunately a sample does not exist velocitario of calibration. The only method would be to have a tool unquestionably better of the own one to be used like reference, tool not easily traceable.
The speed of the bullets reloaded like indirect manifestation of the pressures in cane, the variation of the same speed around the own average as manifestation of the constancy in the behaviour of the weapon and of the precision of the munitioning, elects the parametre speed between the best indicators for the estimate of the quality of the own reloading. At few surveying velocitarie it is possible to extract a quantity notevolissima from data. Besides the speed surveying is simplified extremely by the modern chronographers, so easy to set and by to use that are not really motives not to have one of them.
The ballistic data supplied by the electronic chronographer are indispensable for the shooters and the ricaricatori, even if the number of lovers who still have not this simple device is surprising.
Speedy






















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A Comment for “Reloading and Chronographer”
Mimmo cipri on February 28, 2011
a little sign: often the error in the measure of the speed and I date from the illumination of the sensoriums, the same chrony commercializa a system to lamps to incandescence (that someone says they heat and the white diffusors melt in plastic art) that a system to red LED, probably the red colour of the LED as the use of lamps to incadescenza and tied to the frequencies in nm of the solar light that normally itself drovebbe to use.