The loaded quarry
July 29th, 2010 Posted in weapons, technology | 3 it comments»|
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Simulation of the dynamics of a loaded quarry
In consideration of the numerous arrived questions, in spite of the technology of the loaded quarry it does not find direct application in the weapons allowed the civil ones, we have decided to elaborate, in any case, an article that was explaining to great lines this interesting phenomenon. The animation shown at the beginning of the article will find easy interpretation after the reading of as for following.
Definition
We can define the “office it extracts” (in English: "hollow charge” or “shaped charge”), like an explosive office particularly moulded in the way of concentrating the energy of the detonation on surfaces reduced on which the strength is maximised dilaniatrice of the explosive phenomenon. The loaded quarries are used in the demolition to cut robust structures in metal or concrete, in the mineral and extractive sector, for the trigger of nuclear weapons and, I live on our interest, in the military industry for weapons able to penetrate the protections of the armoured means and bunkers.
Historical signs
The phenomenon of the loaded quarry was noticed initially by Chermes Munroe in 1885 then Egon Neumann in 1911 and it was consisting in making the partial concentration of the energy caused by a gap hollowed out in a notebook of explosive. So doing, the energy was concentrated on the hollow practiced in the office, at which she was coming out run on the target sottoforma of a throw partially fluid to the temperature of peak of about 2000 centigrade degrees.
The manners with which two scholars discovered the effect of that one that then would have become “the loaded quarry” were in both singular cases. Munroe, while it was working on Naval Torpedo Station to Newport, in the United States, noticed that when there was having to detonate in the neighbourhoods of a metal plate a block from guncotton in which there was carved the name of his producer, the enrolment was transferred on the plate. If the letters were in relief compared to the rest of the guncotton, then the letters on the plate were impressed to the same way, in relief compared to the surface.
Egon Neumann noticed instead of what the TNT (trinitrotoluene acronym or I grind) that was containing a hollow of conical shape was lacerating a metal plate that, in normal conditions, was only notched by the same quantity of explosive.
The discoveries of two experimenters still did not find practical check up to the burst of the World War II, when the military demands imposed to the scientific research the adjusted one of explosives and more and more effective bullets against the corazzature of means and fortifications that, in the meantime, had gone little by little more and more themselves being increased.
The effect of the loaded quarry also well-known like “effect Munroe”, was improved suddenly later covering with a thin metal lamina (it dictates liner) the hollow of the explosive; such a sagacity increased in exponential way the effect of the loaded quarries, making possible the carrying out of devices of little dimensions, transportable also at an alone man's (it be seen the German panzerfaust). In this way, on the explosion, the metal covering was destroyed and reduced to a myriad of little splinters, which were arranged in a perpendicular thin bundle to the impact surface.
It structures base
A device to loaded quarry is typically constituted by a metal cylinder filled with explosive to high potential, a base is delimited by the trigger system, other one is closed by means of a metal covering comparatively lightly to shape quarry: typically hemispheric, parabolic or more commonly conical. As said, the huge pressure generated by the detonation fragments the metal cone and, by the composition of the forces that results from it, it goes forming a dart of splinters and gas to high temperature even more thin and fast the smaller is the corner of opening of the cone, he is typically included between 40 and 90th.

It structures base of a loaded quarry

Composition of the forces to the detonation
Geometry of the cavity
As indicated, the speed of the dart depends on the geometry of the cone and also on the type of explosive and on the used materials. More the corner of opening of the cone is acute, greater will be the speed of the dart than disadvantage nevertheless of his mass distribution. A practical compromise is necessary then, besides with very acute corners, the throw tends to bifurcate or absolutely not to form.
Of against, with very wide corners of opening so much to degenerate the cone into a concave disk, the dart is not obtained any more to throw, but there will be what the Americans call EFP (acronym of: Explosively Formed Penetrator). In good substance, the detonation will produce a pre-established deformation of the concave disk before forming a projectile that will be thrown with speeds included between the 1.000 and 3.000m/s. The penetration on the target of an EFP is inferior compared to all that obtained with the dart to throw but the damages produced on the cuirasses, above all if light - middle, they are of greater entity with wide back craterizzazione (spalling). Besides, the ray of action of an EFP turns out to be considerably greater compared to that of a loaded quarry properly agreement, he depends on the diameter of the device and is typically near to 200m (against few metres of the loaded quarry).

Photo to Sx: Devices EFP of several diameter
Photo to Dx: Sample of the generated projectile

EFP - Sequence of formation of the projectile (first 400μs the detonation)

EFP - Animation of the sequence of formation of the projectile

Destructive effects of an EFP
Some data on the physical parametres
To the detonation of a loaded quarry, the point of the formed incandescent dart moves very quickly, in the military systems speeds are reached included between 7.000 and 10.000m/s. After the detonation, such speeds are reached typically on times in the neighbourhood of 40 microseconds (40 millionth parts of second), the point of the cone is subjected then to the most elevated and near acceleration to 25 millions of g. With these dynamic values, if the dart strikes an obstacle, the kinetic energy is translated in pressures extremely elevated. For near speeds to 10km/s the pressure is of the order of 200GPa (2Mbar: two million bar).

Sample with the effects of a loaded quarry
The pressures and the speeds are so elevated that it is the throw that the armours can be studied by hydrodynamic relations; with good approximation, ignoring the stiffness of the structures, the throw and the armours can be dealt like irrepressible fluids. The dynamic solicitation exceeds of at least thousand times the maximum resistance to the compression from the material the target of which is constituted, in these conditions the density differences become prominent only between the materials of the armour and those that constitute the dart.

Loaded quarry to the rays X - The dart penetrates the metal sample at Sx's to Dx
That of the loaded quarry is really an extraordinary phenomenon over the course of the traditional physics, it explains this also in order that his fundamental theoretical mechanism should not have been completely explained.
With the energies in game, a modern system to loaded quarry is able to the previous diameter of the cone penetrates steel armours up to a 7÷10 times depth. A sophisticated head with two heavy offices in tandem is able to pierce cuirasses with thickness of further 900mm. A simple grenade RPG-7, it already has a good penetration of the armours, and can have it better on the greatest part of the armoured vehicles. Also a little loaded quarry from 450 grammes of explosive turns out to be extremely destructive, and penetrates more of 350mm of armour. The gases of the explosion to the highest temperature exceed the armour plating and penetrate in the passenger compartment of the armoured means causing the explosion of the fuel and of the reserves of munitions.
As far as said, the caused drilling is substantially always inferior to the calibre of the projectile used as vector of the office. Such projectiles are preferably stabilised by means of impennaggi (for example it sacks) and not giroscopicamente. The centrifugal strength caused by the rotation of the projectile, it tends to increase in fact the diameter of the dart, reducing the efficaciousness it.
Efficaciousness and countermeasures
The use of the projectiles to loaded quarry presents advantages and disadvantages. The first ones are represented certainly by "practical" aspects and more precisely:
- Little quantities of explosive are able to perforate cuirasses a lot of spesse.
- The loaded quarry has the same penetrating power to leave aside the speed of the vector that it is carried (it acts also as a term of service).
- The characteristics above listed allow to realise light and simple anti-tank weapons to be handled, fit for the use of a military individual.
The disadvantages, if we want, are in part inherent in the advantages:
- In the first place the explosion of the loaded quarry must happen over an optimal distance from the target, in the way of giving way to the "Jet" of incandescent matter of forming. Generally such a distance is given by the ogive of the bullet or of the rocket, which is usually empty and serves only like “spacer“ towards the explosive put behind, moreover for aerodynamic questions.
- During the years there have been quite effective adjusted countermeasures against the loaded quarries, beforehand between all the “reactive cuirass” (thought up by the Israelis and named “Blazer“). This one is constituted practically by a series of containers of the size similar to a box of shoes, filled explosive to low potential. The boxes are then fixed to the cuirass of the means in certain number and, when the loaded quarry detonates, in correspondence of the point of impact one or some of the boxes explode with an effect towards the such outside to "break" the throw infuocato of the loaded quarry itself, hampering the penetration it.

Cart M2A2 Bradley - quite visible the protection to reactive cuirass
- Another countermeasure there are the distanced cuirasses, or a first corazzatura not spessa layer, intervallato with a gap and then with the true and own cuirass. In this way the first corazzatura makes detonating the projectile, while then the gap absorbs and breaks the throw of the first office that he reaches in contact with the true and own corazzatura. This beginning was carried out by the Germans in the World War II for the own tanks, on which there were mounted light cloths called spacers "Schürzen".

Panzer IV Hour - Si notice the distanced cuirasses (Schürzen) for sides and small tower
The utilisation of cuirasses distanced on armoured vehicles can have in some cases the effect opposite to that desired and rather than to hinder the effect of the loaded quarry, increases the penetration it. In fact, because of structural limitations in the length of the bullet or of the missile, the distance of detonation of the office is inferior to that one optimal. In these cases, the distanced cuirass turns out to be then counterproductive.

Schematization of a head to loaded quarry
1:Ogiva aerodynamics; 2:Camera it empties; 3:Cono of the office (liner); 4:Detonatore; 5:Esplosivivo to high potential; 6:Spoletta piezoelectric.
The distanced cuirasses must not be confused with them up-armour to cage, used for damaging principally the system of trigger of the RPG. The cage, in fact, interferes with the trajectory of the rocket and makes the deformation of the ogive in the attempt to interrupt the connection between the piezoelectric lighting circuit, on the part apicale of the ogive, and the system of back trigger to the office. In any case, the impact of a RPG against grills or nets, reduces the possibilities of correct trigger. The armour to cage can cause also the deviation of the projectiles or, in any case, distance the detonation point it.

Cart Stryker - notices her up-armour to Itself to cage
Final signs
On this article we have schematised and picked up a good part of the information and of the traceable images of greater interest about web and relative to the phenomenon of the loaded quarry. We wish ourselves that the synthesis work made soddisfi fully the expectations and the curiosity of our readers.
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